Patagonia Case Study

Ana Martinez Valls 22/10/2012 PATAGONIA 1) Evaluate Patagonia’s plan of action. How essential to Patagonia’s plan of action is its natural position? Plans of action by and large have as an essential goal to gain cash, be that as it may, Patagonia’s is basically arranged towards â€Å"doing things right†. That is the reason Patagonia’s author Yves Chouinard considers the organization a chance to â€Å"challenge the customary way of thinking and present another style of capable business†.It’s plan of action contrasts generously from the conventional business’ one. PATAGONIA’S BUSINESS MODEL * Target client: Patagonia fabricates items for its â€Å"core users†, the individuals who lead the â€Å"dirtbag† way of life (somebody who meanders for temp employments and long summers†, somebody who is passioned about climbing, surfing.. and so on) * Product: High quality and valuable items, for various events tha t are intended to â€Å"last forever†: Four fundamental item classifications: Sportswear (47%), Technical outwear (30%) Technical Knits(12%), Hard Goods (6%). Crucial service:  â€Å"Build the best item, cause no pointless damage and use business to rouse and actualize answers for the natural crisis†. Worth conveyed: Manufacture of great outside and experience sport apparel - Quality: Best garments, own quality Lab (licenses and method utilized by other large corpportaions) - Environmentally sway (natural materials, recyclable items, ecological crusades) - Innovative items that can â€Å"last forever† (progressively canny utilization) - Service to he client (fix, supplant) Acquire and keep clients: during a downturn as it is the situation these days, in a serious market if two firm s have a similar item at a comparable cost and one of them has an increasingly mindful business, clients will pick the capable business’ item * Differentiation: Organic mat erials that decline damage to the earth. Items that keep going forever. To be sure you don’t need to purchase new items you can fix them ! Items tried (demonstrated by experts) and created in Patagonia’s lab. Income age: Margin earned from selling through its four channels: wholesale(44%), retail (33%), inventory and web (23%). As a level of deals, the gross edge ranges structure 50 to 55%. In their new items they center around development, natural effect and quality what empowered them to â€Å" charge costs generally 20% higher than those of other open air attire and 505 higher than mass market brands for practically identical products†. * Cost structure: 33% of the cost originates from assembling and 66% structure crude materials.Higher costs because of work costs in North America which are â€Å" evaluated to be somewhere in the range of four to multiple times those elsewhere† yet in addition by the utilization of eco agreeable materials, for example, natural cotton which was somewhere in the range of half and 100% more costly than typical cotton. * Profit edge: $26 963 000 ($332 862 in net deals) in 2010 2) How quick would patagonia be able to develop? How quick would it be advisable for it to develop? Patagonia could become quicker, from a money related viewpoint however in the event that it did it so it would not be â€Å"The Coolest Company on the Planet† (Fortune coverâ story, Casey 2007).Indeed Patagonia tries a supportable development and it organizes a moderate development that empower the organization to be focused on its strategic qualities. Patagonia’s development way is firmly identified with the qualities that have being molding the organization since 1957 when Chouinard established it. Surely, Chouinard is a hesitant business person and his essential goal in business isn't to gain cash yet he expresses that â€Å"the motivation behind why [he is] in business is to ensure what he likes†. An imp ractical development conflicts with his qualities. Patagonia has discovered unambiguous approaches to couple their products’ work and the brands ecological values.Their plan of action raises significant aggregates for natural causes and their mechanical development decreases the natural effect of their items and that is the thing that it is significant for Patagonia. An ideal case of the feasible development Patagonia needs to seek after is their eagerness to utilize natural cotton. The assistance gave to other partnership so as to assist with building up an entire newâ organic? cotton industry is additionally a milestone of how they are focused on a manageable improvement of the assembling industry.Indeed, Patagonia is a reference for different business in its way to decrease tainting and some huge companies, for example, Nike have imitated - in a specific degree - this new natural cotton activity. Patagonia has an obligation towards society and the future decrease of conta mination and feels that its strategic â€Å"to share wide reasonable practices†. Another activity that in principle eases back Patagonia budgetary development is its support in the â€Å"1% For The Planet† program-â€Å"an union of more than 1200 business that give a willful ecological expense of 1% of incomes to natural associations worldwide.Also, some of Patagonia’s practices such their Employee Internship Program-through which representatives can exit their positions at Patagonia for as long as two months to work all day for their preferred natural gathering could likewise slow their money related development however increment their positive effect in the public arena basically, Patagonia isn't just engaged in monetary and money related development yet more on â€Å"its way of kicking off something new on lessening natural harm†. Patagonia needs to be a piece of the answer for this monetary emergency, and not part of the problem.Even in the event tha t it could become quicker in money related terms, there is no uncertainty that Patagonia is developing exponentially in different boundaries, for example, in its situation as an advantageous on-screen character in the public eye. 3) Would Patagonia’s plan of action contrast on the off chance that it were an openly held organization? On the off chance that Patagonia was a Publicly held organization it ought to in principle seek after different targets and qualities that the ones it has as of now since it should offer need to shareholder’s esteem. At a first look we may feel that a quicker development pace will be the solution.In actuality, for the situation it is proposed â€Å" the way that Patagonia was private was a significant explanation that it could seek after natural sustainability†. From one perspective, investors care about profits and the estimation of their stocks and â€Å"Patagonia’s reasonable agenda† is supposed to be â€Å"at the c ost of its growth†. Then again, Patagonia’s ecological committeemen â€Å"g[ives] the organization its serious advantage† and causes the organization to seek after an economical growth.Maybe the facts confirm that in the present moment to have as the principle objective Maximizing investor riches by boosting development could be a decent arrangement. In any case, in the drawn out it might be impractical. In a drawn out point of view accomplishing the multi-finishes of the firm as per the benefit of all of the general public is by all accounts the great arrangement and all the more presently in times in of a worldwide financial emergency where rivalry is gigantic and clients have a high bartering power.Customers will welcome that the organization is an individual from the general public, a part that adjusts present moment and long haul worth and looks for the benefit of all. Patagonia does as such by being earth dedicated and by offering types of assistance for di fferent organizations by imparting to them their creative manageable practices and item advancements. It is fascinating to bring up that Patagonia has being expanding its benefits every year regardless of whether they were natural friendly.They have consistently remember that â€Å"if [they] wish to lead corporate America by model, [they] must be profitable†. This sort of method of reasoning will be hard to actualize in a freely held business where the investors might be unsatisfied with the company’s targets. Anyway in the medium or in the drawn out investors will be glad to win stock from one of the â€Å"100 Best Companies† that is most likely carrying on growing.Patagonia has accomplished an uncommon level of combination between Corporate Social Responsibility esteems and business movement. Its business system is uncommon and enlightening. Patagonia WTP * High items * Durable Credible ecological Policy * Moral Wellbeing * Innovation * Multi utilize Organic c otton: diminish models since they didn't found the same number of suppliers as they required Patagonia’s plan of action : Invest in innovative work: quality , development, significant expense, benefit Invest in condition: Reduce hurt, En4139ry

Driver Education Key Vocabulary for English Learners

Driver Education Key Vocabulary for English Learners Numerous ESL speakers and students are required to take driver training courses to get their driver permit from the DMV (Department of Motor Vehicles). In the United States, each state DMV gives an alternate composed test (for instance the California DMV has an unexpected test in comparison to the Florida DMV or the NY DMV). Worldwide driver licenses additionally now and then require a composed test. The key jargon gave depends on a standard DMV composed test and is separated into classes, for example, Nouns (Persons, Types of Vehicles, Dangerous Situations, and so forth.) Verbs, and Descriptive Phrases. Study these watchwords to support you or your classes better comprehend driving manuals and driver instruction courses. Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Nouns People bicyclistdriverofficerpassengerspedestrianspoliceman Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Types of Vehicles and Car Parts bicyclebrakechainsequipmentheadlightslightsmirrormotorcyclepickup trucklicense plateseatsignalssteeringtirestow trucktruckvehiclewindshield Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Dangerous Situations accidentalcoholcollisionconvictioncrashdangerdrugsemergencyevidencefoghazardinjuryinsuranceintoxicantslawsoffensereactionriskwarning Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Driving arrowdistanceDMV (Department of Motor Vehicles)documentDUII (Driving while Under the Influence of an Intoxicant)guideID (Identification)identificationinstructionlicensespeed limitmovementpermitprivilegeregistrationrestrictionsrequirementssignsspeeding Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Roads crosswalkcurvecurbdistrictdrivewayexitfreewayhighwayintersectionlanepavementrailroadramproadwayroundaboutroutesidewalkstop lightsstop signtraffic lights Progressively Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Verbs approach a roadavoid an accidentbe alert while drivingbrake a vehicle (step on the brakes)change laneschange paths, tirescheck, investigate mirrorcrash into somethingcross a roaddamage somethingdrive a vehicle, drive defensivelyenforce a lawexit a roadfollow a vehicle or vehiclehit a vehicle, an objectinjure a personinsureâ a vehicle or carmerge onto a roadobey a layobtain a grant or licenseoperate a vehicleovertake a vehicle or vehiclepass a vehicle or vehicleprotect passengersreact to a situationreduce speedrefuse to take a testride in a carshow identificationsignal a turnskid on the roadspeed (drive over the speed limit)steer a vehicle or vehiclestop a vehicle or vehicleturn a vehicle or vehiclewarn another driverwear security beltsyield to (approaching) traffic Key DMV Driver Education Vocabulary: Descriptive Words (Adjectives) and Phrases golden lightsapproaching vehicle or vehiclebehind somethingcommercial vehicleconvicted driverdisabled passengerflashing lightshazardous situationinterstate freewayintoxicated driverlegal documentlicensing departmentmanual transmissiononcoming trafficone-path streetout-of-state tag, driverpedestrian crosswalkposted signprohibited by law, movementrecreational vehiclereduced speedreplacement tirerequired by law, equipmentsafety include, seatslippery roadsteering wheelstraight roadsuspended licensetwo-way streetunsafe driving, driver, vehiclevalid drivers licensewarning signals, lights

How to Get an Apartment With Bad Credit

How to Get an Apartment With Bad Credit How to Get an Apartment With Bad Credit How to Get an Apartment With Bad CreditRenting with bad credit is tough, but it’s not impossible. Here’s how to score your dream place even when your credit’s a nightmare.Like the ghost of apartments past, one of the most sinister consequences of bad credit seems to always appear when you’re on the hunt for a new home. If you’re a renter, you’ll find that most landlords do extensive background checks on prospective tenants, and unfortunately, they’re often looking to see whether you’ve got any dings on your credit report. A bad credit score, shaky rental history, or no credit to speak of can sometimes put you in the “no” pile just as fast as an appearance on  Hoarders.But dont worry. It’s not like landlords only rent to tenants with perfect credit and a spotless record. Those people are one in a million. In general, landlords run credit reports and background checks to look for the following issues:Delinquent accountsRepossessed carsEvictionsLate or missed rent paymentsIf you have one or more of these marks on your record, it’s probably going to be difficult to find a landlord willing to rent to you. But no matter how bad your credit is, there are several things you can do to increase your chances of getting approved.Consider where you’re rentingThe more competitive the rental market in your area, the lower your chances of finding a landlord willing to overlook  any past financial screw-ups. Think about it: landlords in trendy areas are typically flooded with applications. If they have a choice between renting to someone with  rocky  credit plus a few evictions under their belt,  or someone with stellar credit and a flawless rental record, you don’t need to be a rocket scientist to figure out who they’re going to pick.The lesson here is this: when your credit is shot, your chances of getting approved for an apartment in a super hip ‘hood are not great. Instead, try looking outside of the trendy box.Check out up-and-coming neighbo rhoods that are still a little rough around the edges, or if transportation isn’t an issue, consider moving out to the ‘burbs, where apartments are cheaper and finding a place doesn’t require you to volunteer as a tribute in the housing Hunger Games.In short, look for a place where you will be your landlord’s best option, not their last resort.Find a co-signerMoving away from a competitive rental market might be a good option for some people, but it won’t work for everyone. If you need to stay within walking, biking, or public transit distance from your office, you’ll need to find another way to get around the bad credit block. One easy solution? Find a co-signer.Essentially, a co-signer is someoneâ€"typically a trusted friend or family member with solid creditâ€"who is willing to vouch for you and take legal responsibility for your rent if you cannot. Landlords love renting to people with co-signers, as it gives them an extra layer of protection from a missed payment.If you have someone in your life willing to co-sign on a lease for you, make sure you mention that to your prospective landlord before they have a chance to deny you outright.And remember, your co-signer is essentially tying their good credit to yours. If you want to have a positive relationship with this person going forward, make sure you make all your payments on time so they don’t have to shell out any cash on your behalf.(By the way, getting a co-signer also works great if you want to avoid a shady bad credit loan or no credit check loan. Its the same principle: a traditional lender that wouldnt lend to you because of your credit score can be assured that the cosigner will pay them back if you cant.)Look to individual landlords over big rental companiesIn our experience, renting from landlords who own just a few buildings is, in general, a better idea than renting from a giant rental company for a variety of reasons. Not only do big companies often have issues providing timely maintenance for tenants, they also have much less wiggle room when it comes to renting to people with lower credit scores.While a landlord who owns one building and lives on site may be willing to overlook bad credit for the right kind of neighbor, larger rental companies aren’t going to be interested in negotiation.If you want to give yourself a better chance of acceptance, do some research on who owns the building you’re eyeing. You could save yourself a lot of timeâ€"and application fee moneyâ€"by avoiding large rental companies.Put your money where your mouth isIf you have a bad rental history and want to rent without a co-signer, most landlords will be skeptical about renting to you. What is considered a bad rental history? Think multiple missed or late rent payments or a history of eviction.If this sounds like a page out of your memoir, you might need to pay a little more to prove your worth to your future landlord. You have a few options here:Offer to pay a bigger securit y deposit before move-inOffer to pay multiple months in rent upfrontOffer to pay more per month for rent than the apartment is listed for (and show bank records to prove you can afford the higher monthly payment)Money talks. If you have the funds to do so, paying a little extra can help turn even the most skeptical landlord into a true believer. Just make sure you dont turn to a predatory payday loan or title loan to get that extra cash. It wont end well, we promise.Look for a roommate, not a landlordSpend any time trawling Craigslist for apartments, and you’ll likely see a lot of posts like this:“Roommate needed in 2 bed/2 bath apartment! All utilities included!”People who are looking for short or long-term roommates are often working on a short timelineâ€"unless they find someone to move in ASAP, they’ll be on the hook for paying rent on behalf of the entire apartment. Because of this, they may be less inclined to ask potential roommates to submit a credit check, or even t o sign a proper lease.If you have some serious blemishes on your report, finding a situation like this can be a great optionâ€"just make sure the landlord is OK with you living there before you hire that moving truck.Explain yourselfIf the pockmarks on your credit report were the result of life situations beyond your control, you have a right to make that known. There’s no harm in sending along a detailed letter with your rental application, explaining in advance what your landlord is likely to find when s/he runs your credit.Use the letter to detail what happened and why it’s unlikely to happen again, and include a few trusted references your landlord can call to corroborate both your story and your current financial standing and responsibility.Dispute discrepancies on your reportThe FTC estimates that one in four credit reports include at least one error that could negatively impact a person’s credit. We’ve written before about why it’s so important to take a good look a t your report as often as possible, and possible errors on your report is a major reason why.So if it’s been a while since you checked yours out, head over to AnnualCreditReport.com to get free copies of your credit report from TransUnion, Equifax, and Experian, the three major U.S. credit bureaus. You’re entitled to one free download of each report every year, so you can either grab them all at once or spread them out every four months to get an update three times a year.If you see anything on your credit report that doesn’t look like youâ€"think mystery credit cards or cash advances, evictions you didn’t experience, or even delinquent utility accounts you never openedâ€"send a dispute letter to the credit bureaus. You can read the sample letter from the FTC.According to the FTC, this letter should:“Include copies (NOT originals) of documents that support your position. In addition to providing your complete name and address, your letter should clearly identify each item in your report you dispute, state the facts and explain why you dispute the information and request that it be removed or corrected. You may want to enclose a copy of your report with the items in question circled. Send your letter by certified mail, “return receipt requested,” so you can document what the credit reporting company received. Keep copies of your dispute letter and enclosures.”Credit bureaus will typically investigate your dispute and resolve it within 30 days. For more information on how to dispute an item on your credit report, head over to the FTC site.For more ways that a low credit score can affect your everyday life, check out these related pages and articles from OppLoans:Can Bad Credit Prevent You from Opening a Bank Account?How Bad Credit Can Affect Your UtilitiesCan Bad Credit Keep You From Getting a Job?Has bad credit impacted your ability to rent? We want to hear from you!  Email us or let us know on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

The Birth Of Muhammad And Islam Essay - 1409 Words

Julianna Tafuri HIST 181-01 M+TH 2-3:15 Sean Walsh 3 November 2016 The Birth of Muhammad and Islam The Islamic religion is not only a religion, but a complex lifestyle full of dynamic truth which has a past that spans over fourteen centuries. It’s history encompasses the ancient spirits of people from North Africa as far as Malaysia. Islam is also one of the youngest major religions as the â€Å"Qur’an â€Å"came down† to Muhammad six centuries after Jesus, so that a large portion of the developed world which it soon overran had been evangelized for centuries† (Burrell 1). Although Islam was budding, it has grown into one of the world’s largest religions having a following of over one billion. Islam is known to be the fastest growing faith worldwide, and in recent years has made striking advances in North America (3). â€Å"The rapid expansion of the community of Believers after Muhammad’s death has its roots in the events of the last years of his life† ( Donner 92). Islam can be abridged into three timeframes that are as follows; T he Time of Ingratitude, Muhammad s life and story, and the organizations and laws that were created after the demise of the prophet. The holiest declaration or â€Å"Shahada† in Islam is â€Å"There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger† (Fieser 373). Islam found its origins in Arabia and it takes after every one of the standards given by God which were translated through Muhammad. Muslims on the other hand, are the individuals who hone this religion asShow MoreRelatedThe Prophet Muhammad, By Michele Thorpe1609 Words   |  7 Pages The Prophet Muhammad By: Michele Thorpe History 104 Professor Odamtten November 17, 2014 The prophet Muhammad was born in the year 570, in the town of Mecca, in Western Arabia. 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Qué pasa al quedarse en EE.UU. más tiempo que permitido

Los turistas extranjeros pueden visitar Estados Unidos con una visa en và ¡lida, o incluso, sin visado si pertenecen a un grupo selecto de paà ­ses que pertenecen al Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados, pero deben salir del paà ­s antes de que expire el tiempo autorizado para permanecer en el mismo. Los tiempos que se puede quedar un turista depende del tipo de documento que se utilice para ingresar y, si se ingresa con visa, incluso de las condiciones de su titular. En el documento que se conoce como I-94 registro de entrada y salida, puede verificarse exactamente por cuà ¡nto tiempo se està ¡ autorizado a permanecer en EE.UU. Ahora es un documento digital que puede consultarse en internet en la pà ¡gina oficial de la CBP. Si se ingresà ³ sin visa, el tiempo mà ¡ximo de permanencia es de 90 dà ­as. Con independencia de si se ingresà ³ a EE.UU. con visa de turista o sin ella por ser de un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de visados, todos sufren las mismas consecuencias si se permanecen en el paà ­s mà ¡s allà ¡ del tiempo autorizado. En este artà ­culo se explican cuà ¡les son esas consecuencias y por quà © se debe evitar intentar hacer trampa con el tiempo de permanencia. Consecuencias de quedarse en EE.UU. mà ¡s tiempo del permitido Desde el punto de vista migratorio los turistas que exceden el nà ºmero de dà ­as de estancia permitida se convierten en indocumentados. A partir de ahà ­ si entran en contacto con una autoridad migratoria pueden ser expulsados inmediatamente o deportados, dependiendo del caso de cada uno. Aunque existen posibilidades de legalizarse (regularizar la situacià ³n), en realidad tampoco hay tantas y los requisitos son estrictos. Por esta razà ³n, lo mejor siempre es salir del paà ­s dentro de plazo o pedir con tiempo una extensià ³n o un cambio de visa. En este punto destacar que los turistas que entraron sin visado no pueden hacer ni una cosa ni otra, para ellos sà ³lo cabe la opcià ³n de salir de Estados Unidos. Ademà ¡s, deben hacerlo dentro de los 90 dà ­as siguientes al dà ­a de ingreso. Por ello, antes de decidir quedar en Estados Unidos en situacià ³n de indocumentado, consultar con un abogado de inmigracià ³n y entender muy bien todos los problemas que pueden surgir.   En casos muy excepcionales, en los que se permanece en Estados Unidos mà ¡s tiempo que el autorizado en la visa es posible  solicitar y obtener una restauracià ³n de estatus. Esto es lo que se conoce como Nunc Pro Tunc para casos en los que no se solicità ³ a tiempo la extensià ³n o un cambio de visa. Otra consecuencia de quedarse mà ¡s tiempo del permitido es que la visa de turista se cancela. Tener en consideracià ³n que el titular no es notificado de este hecho. Se entera cuando intenta ingresar a EEUU en el siguiente viaje y no se le permite. En el caso de haber ingresado a EE.UU. sin visa, se pierde ese derecho. A partir de ese momento es necesario pedir al consulado una visa de turista si se quiere regresar a Estados Unidos y la aprobacià ³n de la misma no està ¡ asegurada. Ademà ¡s, tanto si se entrà ³ con visa o sin ella, haber estado ilegalmente es causa de inadmisibilidad y si se ha estado mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as ilegalmente en el paà ­s y despuà ©s se sale de Estados Unidos, aplica el castigo de los tres y de los diez aà ±os, con algunas pocas excepciones. Es cierto que para solicitar una visa no inmigrante, como es la de turista, estudiante, intercambio, inversià ³n, etc., es posible solicitar un perdà ³n por la penalidad de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os, pero no se aprueba frecuentemente. E incluso en los casos en los que ya ha transcurrido el tiempo del castigo puede resultar difà ­cil que el oficial consular apruebe una nueva visa puesto que se plantà ³ ya la duda sobre las intenciones del solicitante.   Eso no quiere decir que resulte imposible obtenerla. Pero sà ­ que se va a mirar con gran detenimiento la aplicacià ³n. Error grave a evitar El sistema informà ¡tico de las aduanas de EEUU es, en estos momentos, muy completo. No es como antes. Todas las personas que dan por perdido el pasaporte, piden a sus embajadas unos salvoconductos y una vez que està ¡n de regreso en sus paà ­ses solicitan un pasaporte nuevo y la visa americana està ¡n cometiendo un error.   Eso podà ­a pasar en algunos casos hace aà ±os. Ahora ya no. Queda registrado que no se salià ³ a tiempo. Es este punto es de interà ©s conocer  quà © informacià ³n tienen en el control migratorio de la aduana americana. Los oficiales de migracià ³n, control de paso migratorio y de los consulados de Estados Unidos no tiene que probar nada. Es la persona interesada la que tiene que demostrar, en caso de duda, que efectivamente se salià ³ a tiempo. Al oficial consular o al inspector de aduanas les basta con tener la sospecha para negar la visa o la entrada. Puntos clave a tener en cuenta Quedarse mà ¡s tiempo del permitido conlleva convertirse en indocumentadoLa visa se cancela o se pierde el derecho a viajar sin visa como turistaPuede aplicar el castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Este artà ­culo tienen una finalidad meramente informativa.

Summary Modigliani Miller Free Essays

L1 – Modigliani Miller (1958) ‘The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment’ This article mainly discusses the cost of capital, the required return necessary to make a capital budgeting project worthwhile. Cost of capital includes the cost of debt and the cost of equity. Theorist conclude that the cost of capital to the owners of a firm is simply the rate of interest on bonds. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Modigliani Miller or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a world without uncertainty the rational approach would be (1) to maximize profits and (2) to maximize market value. When uncertainty arises, these statements vanish and change into a utility maximization. The goal is to get more insight in the effect of financial structure on market valuations. I. Valuation of Securities, Leverage and the Cost of Capital A. The Capitalization Rate for Uncertain Streams In the paper, MM (1958) assume that firms can be divided into equivalent return classes such that the return on the shares issued by any firm in any given class is proportional to the return on shares issued by any other firm in the same class. This implies that various shares within the same class can differ at most by a scale factor. The significance of this assumption is that it permits us to clarify firms into groups where shares of different firms are homogeneous (perfect substitutes of each other). This again means that in equilibrium in a perfect capital market the price per dollars worth of expected return must be the same for all shares of any given class. This will result in the following formula’s: = pj = the price xj = expected return per share of the firm in class k k= expected rate of return of any share in class k 1/pk = the price which an investor has to pay for a dollars worth of expected return in the class k B. Debt Financing and its Effects on Security Prices In this case, shares will be subject to different degrees of financial risk or leverage and hence will no longer be perfect substitutes for each other. Companies will have different proportions of debt in their capital structure and gives a d ifferent probability distribution of returns. To exhibit the mechanism determining the relative price of shares under these conditions two assumption are made 1)all bonds yield a constant income per unit of time 2)bonds, like stocks, are trade in perfect market (perfect substitutes) Proposition 1 ‘The value of an unlevered firm is the same as the value of a levered firm’ V = value of the firm S = market value of common stock D = market value of the debts X = expected return on the assets owned by the company (cost of capital) The market value of any firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the rate pk appropriate to its class. This shows that the average cost of capital to any firm is completely independent of its capital structure and is equal to the capitalisation rate of a pure equity stream of its class. Capitalization rate (or â€Å"cap rate†) is a measure of the ratio between the net operating income produced by an asset (usually real estate) and its capital cost (the original price paid to buy the asset) or alternatively its current market value. The pure equity stream is showed in the next example: If proposition 1 did not hold, an investor could buy and sell stocks and bonds in such a way as to exchange one income stream for another stream, but selling at a lower price. It would be corrected through arbitrage. Return on a levered portfolio can be written as: Y2 = return from this (levered) portfolio ? = fraction of the income available for the stockholders of the company/fraction total shares outstanding X = expected return rD2 = interest charge Return on a unlevered portfolio looks like this: 1 = fraction/amount invested in stocks S1 = total stocks outstanding To see why this should be true, suppose an investor is considering buying one of the two firms U or L. Instead of purchasing the shares of the levered firm L, he could purchase the shares of firm U and borrow the same amount of money D that firm L does. The eventual returns to either of these investments would be the same. Therefore, the price of L must be the same a s the price of U minus the money borrowed D, which is the value of L’s debt. Proposition 2 re = ro + (ro – rd) x D/E = required rate of return on equity (cost of equity) pk = cost of capital for an all equity firm r = required rate of return on borrowings (i. e. , cost of debt or interest rate) D/S = debt to equity ratio That is, the expected yield of a share of stock is equal to the appropriate capitalization rate pk for a pure equity stream in the class, plus a premium related to financial risk equal to the debt-to-equity ratio time the spread between pk and r. C. Some Qualifications and Extensions of the Basic Propositions Effects of Present Method of Taxing Corporations Proposition 1 becomes (with taxes): ? = average rate of corporate income tax ? = expected net income accruing to the common stock holder Proposition 2 becomes (with taxes): pk can no longer be indentified with the average cost of capital when taxes come into play. Yet, to simplify things the writers will still do this. Effects of a Plurality of Bonds and Interest Rates Economic theory and market experience both suggest that the yields demanded by lenders tend to increase with the debt-equity ratio of the borrowing firm (or individual). The increased cost of borrowed funds as leverage increases will tend to be offset by a corresponding reduction in the yield of common stock. Proposition 1 remains unaffected as long as the yield curve is the same for all borrowers. However, the relation between common stock yields and leverage will no longer be the strictly linear one given by the original Proposition 2. If r increases with leverage, the yield i will still tend to rise as D/S increases, but at a decreasing rather than a constant rate. Yield curve: D. The Relation of Propositions 1 en 2 to Current Doctrines. Proposition 1 asserts that the average cost of capital is a constant for all firms j in class k, independently of their financial structure. II. Implications of the Analysis for the Theory of Investments A. Capital Structure and Investment Policy Proposition 3 (Proposition 4 in lecture slides): A firm will exploit investment opportunities if and only if the rate of return on the investment p* is as large as or larger than pk . This will be completely unaffected by the type of security used to finance the investment (bonds or stocks). So the main conclusion is that companies should invest when . Capital structure is a matter of indifference and the problem of the optimal capital structure is no problem at all. B. Proposition 3 and Financial Planning by Firms Misinterpretation of the scope of Proposition 3 can be avoided by remembering that this Proposition 3 tells us only that the type of instrument used to finance an investment is irrelevant to the question of whether or not the investment is worth while. This does not mean that the owners (or managers) have no grounds whatever for preferring one financing plan to another; or that there are no other policy or technical issues in finance at that level. C. The Effect of the Corporate Income Tax on Investment Decisions The cost of capital now depends on the debt ratio, decreasing , as D/V rises, at the constant rate of . Thus with a corporate income tax under which interest is a deductible expense, gains can accrue to stockholders from having debt in the capital structure, even when capital markets are perfect. L1 – Fama French (1998) ‘Taxes, Financin How to cite Summary Modigliani Miller, Essay examples

Museum of Fine Arts Essay Example For Students

Museum of Fine Arts Essay I observed many interesting works of art representing various time periods. Of all the paintings that I saw last week, two landscaped pieces seemed to stick out in my mind; Andre Drains The Turning Road and Thomas Hart Bonbons Haystack. Though these two art works are similar in subject matter, they clearly reflect the different styles and time periods of their artists; the abstract Derail being a Fauvist and the more realistic painter Benton representing the American Scene Tyler as a Regionalism. Andre Derail became an accomplice to the well known Henry Matisse who founded the expression of Fauvism in 1905. Fauve, meaning wild beasts in French, was a movement driven by a desire to develop an art that had the directness of Impressionism but also had the intense color juxtapositions and their emotional capabilities (964). The Fauves expressively used vivid colors as the conveyer of meaning (MM to produce bold and intense images which in turn, awakens the emotions tooth viewer. And Derail, being a Fauvist, used color to its fullest potential. to elicit emotional responses from the viewer (966) not only in The Turning Road but also in his work The Dance, which perfectly supports the audacious style of Drains Fauvism. Although this movement did not last very long, the paintings created in this period are vivid and memorable. When the 193(Yes emerged, the Great Depression took its toll on artwork, In this period, artists from the Midwest called Regionalisms turned their attention to rural life as Americas cultural backbone (1025). Among these artists was Thomas Hart Benton, who became the leading exponent of American Regionalism and used his paintings to convey scenes about the hardworking rural poor of the Midwest throughout the depression. His realistic scenes of country life stern particularly from the rural historical and social past Of Missouri (CM). Not only are his themes of rural poor American seen in the Haystack, they can also be seen in Other works Of his such as in his rendition Of the nude goddess Persephone, which also references the rural farmer and his work, and perhaps his hardships, within the seasons (CM). Since the LIST government created the Federal Arts Project, many artists such as Benton, had a chance to evolve their work into what would come to be known as the American Scene era, Coming from very different time periods, Andre Derail and Thomas Hart Benton both incorporate their genres style into their own expressive art. Both of these men were influential leaders of their periods and painted images in a similar way, even if their art does represent different time periods. Drains painting of The Turning Road and Bonbons painting Of the Haystack depict similar subject matter. The images in the two paintings that are similar are the curving road, the trees, the workers and also the horse which is seen in both mages. Both The Turning Road and the Haystack show an outdoor scene from the daytime with workers going about their busy everyday lives. These two paintings display a theme of man working in harmony with nature, which was stated in the Haystacks information card but can clearly be associated with The Turning Road as well. According to the museum information card on Drains piece, choreographed forms villagers 311 Sway to an integrated rhythm, giving this painting movement. This can also be seen in Bonbons piece since the museum information card on Haystack States that this image s depicted through rhythmic swirls of paint and lyrical movement. Drains piece also portrays a more rural scene and is far from the urban bustle Of Loons waterways (CT as seen in Bonbons work which shows the laborious rural poor of the depression era. .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 , .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .postImageUrl , .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 , .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:hover , .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:visited , .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:active { border:0!important; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:active , .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956 .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cdfef1a31b3b5c0859955aff6db5956:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Female Characters In Candide EssayBoth of these painting exude cool and warm colors since the blues and greens can be seen, as well as the reds and yellows in both images. Vertical poles in the Haystack seem to separate the painting which can also be seen in The Turning Road, which uses the trees as the vertical separation of the painting. In both paintings, the artists do not show where the curving road leads to, which allows your mind to wonder where you would end up it you walked along the paths, my guess is that the winding roads lead to the city and an urban lifestyle, The technique of shadowing can be seen in both of these paintings. The shadowing can be clearly seen in the realistic scene of the Haystack, and even though the painting of The Turning Road is not very realistic since it uses complementary colors for its shadowing technique, there is still a hint of realism portrayed in the image since the shadows are present. Even though these paintings come from different time periods and were created by tuft very different artists, Derail and Benton, they still share some resemblance and connection. Despite the fact that these two paintings share analogous attributes, they also differ in many ways. According to the museum information card on Drains piece, the work is expressive Of the artists feelings rather than Of the descriptive landscape, which is consistent with the style of Fauvism. However Bonbons piece does not really reflect his emotions or feelings, rather it seems more optically realistic to therefore accurately portray the scene of the poor rural American workers. While Derail uses vibrant and bold colors, the scene of The Turning Road is not shown in its realistic colors which again contrasts the Haystacks pragmatic and subdued colors. The intensity of the color usage in Drains work conveys a positive and cheery mood corresponding with Fauvism wild colors while in Bonbons work, the colors reflect a melancholy and somewhat gloomy tone which is consistent with Bonbons time period and style of the Great Depression. In Drains piece he uses thick and heavy brushstrokes (CM) shown through geometric lines by the vertical trees and the horizontal road, while in Bonbons piece, undulating and flowing organic lines are used which do not seem geometric at all. Another significant difference between the paintings is that much of the detail is omitted in The Turning Road and the figures are simplified into vivid Fauvism shapes (COM while in the Haystack, you can clearly see the detailing of the horse and the workers and even the shading on the hay and rocks. In The Turning Road, the colors seem to be applied directly room the paint tubes onto the canvas (CM), while in the Haystack; Benton blends and mixes his colors brilliantly for a more realistic image. These two paintings also differ in perspective since the artist of The Turning Road paints from more of an aerial view where as in the Haystack; the artist paints the scene looking straight on, as if you were looking out your window at the farmers. The focal point Of Bonbons piece is the workers on the farm and the house Off to the left- center of the image however, in Drains work, a focal point is more difficult to mind and you tend to look at the painting as a Whole instead Of just the center point since the workers are in the foreground instead of the middle ground, and it seems as though every corner Of this piece is active. In Bonbons Haystack the hills in the background seem distant where as in the piece by Derail, the ;hills dont look distant; they are simple and part of an overall pattern of color (CM), which is compatible again with the Fauvism style. .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 , .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .postImageUrl , .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 , .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:hover , .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:visited , .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:active { border:0!important; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:active , .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8 .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef2c412620e2cae9a28ad4337f2a19a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huckleberry Finn (709 words) EssayThe two influential artists, Thomas Benton and Andre Derail both represent their time periods through their art work, Andre Derail epitomizes the Fauvism went with his emotions through bright vivid colors and his abstract view of the landscaped scene of workers while Thomas Benton embodies the American Scene as a Regionalism and depicts his landscaped scene of workers in a more realistic and melancholy way. The Turning Road and the Haystack are both housed by the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston and after visiting this museum for the first time, I came to appreciate not only these pieces that analyzed, but also the vast array of art work displayed in the museum and also in to text book. Plan on visiting the museum again!